Hinweise zur optimalen Erstellung von Ausschreibungsunterlagen

Gerne möchten wir Ihnen im Folgenden einige Gedanken dazu mitteilen und Ihnen wichtige Hinweise zur optimalen Erstellung von Ausschreibungsunterlagen geben. Der Artikel berücksichtigt die vollständige Überarbeitung des Interkantonalen Übereinkommens über das öffentliche Beschaffungswesen (AIMP) (https://www.belex.sites.be.ch/app/de/texts_of_law/731.2-1 ).

Die erste Frage, die Sie sich als Vergabestelle stellen sollten: Unterliegt die Vergabestelle den Bestimmungen über öffentliche Aufträge? Genauere Informationen finden Sie in Artikel 4 des AIMP.

Vertragsart

Als Nächstes definieren Sie die Aufgabe. Die folgenden Fragen helfen Ihnen dabei: Um welche Art von Projekt handelt es sich? Was muss beschafft werden? Um welche Vertragsart handelt es sich: Liefer-, Dienstleistungs- oder Bauvertrag? Überlegen Sie sich die Vertragsart genau. Hinweise dazu finden Sie in Artikel 8 des AIMP.

Vertragswert

Es ist von großer Bedeutung, den Vertragswert sorgfältig zu ermitteln. Eine verlässliche Kostenkalkulation ist unerlässlich. Orientieren Sie sich dabei am oberen Ende der Spanne. Beachten Sie das Verbot der Aufspaltung . Alle eng verwandten Dienstleistungen sowie Folgeverträge und Optionen müssen berücksichtigt werden. Bei befristeten Verträgen addieren Sie die Vergütungen über die gesamte Laufzeit (in der Regel fünf Jahre). Weitere Einzelheiten zur Berechnung des Marktwerts finden Sie in Art. 15 des AIMP.

Art des Verfahrens

Bestimmen Sie anschließend die Art des Verfahrens . Es kann sich um ein Verfahren im Bereich internationaler Verträge oder um ein Verfahren im Bereich nicht-internationaler Verträge handeln. Man unterscheidet zwischen: offenem Verfahren, selektivem Verfahren, Direktvergabeverfahren und Einladungsverfahren. Für die verschiedenen Verfahrensarten gelten unterschiedliche Schwellenwerte. Die Artikel 16 ff. und die Anhänge 1 und 2 des AIMP sind hierbei relevant. Anschließend ist es wichtig, die Kriterien und deren Bewertungsmethode festzulegen (Art. 26 AIMP). Beispielsweise sind die Grundsätze der Zuschlagskriterien zu berücksichtigen (Art. 29 AIMP). Diese müssen mit der Dienstleistung/dem Angebot verknüpft, objektiv und nachvollziehbar sein. Ziel ist es, das vorteilhafteste Angebot zu ermitteln. Mögliche Kriterien sind Preis und Qualität, Ästhetik, Effektivität der Methodik, Funktionalität, Innovationsgehalt, Kreativität, Kundenservice, Lieferbedingungen, Langlebigkeit, Verfügbarkeit der Dienstleistung, Fristen, Wirtschaftlichkeit und Eignung. Ja/Nein-Kriterien sind nicht optimal. Die Gewichtung muss angemessen und proportional sein. Verwenden Sie für alle Zuschlagskriterien dieselbe Bewertungsskala.

Vergabeunterlagen/Schlüsselelemente

Erst dann beginnen Sie mit der Erstellung der Vergabeunterlagen (Art. 35/36 AIMP). Dazu analysieren Sie die Schlüsselelemente , z. B. welche Aspekte komplexer sind als bei anderen Verträgen. Dies können wichtige technische oder lokale Faktoren sein.

Berücksichtigen Sie wichtige Aspekte wie Änderungen der erhobenen Mengen, die Einführung einer neuen Sammlung usw. Die Schlüsselelemente helfen Ihnen, die Mindestkriterien (z. B. Transportgenehmigung), die Qualifikationskriterien und die Vergabekriterien festzulegen.

Leistungsbeschreibung/Spezifikationen

Anschließend erstellen Sie eine Leistungsbeschreibung . Darauf aufbauend folgen die Spezifikationen . Beschreiben Sie die Leistungen präzise, ​​damit die am besten geeignete gefunden werden kann.

Bewertung

Ziehen Sie eine Fachabteilung für technische Expertise (z. B. Logistik) hinzu. Erstellen Sie im nächsten Schritt eine fundierte Bewertung . Überlegen Sie, welche Informationen Sie vom Dienstleister benötigen, um die Bewertung durchführen zu können. Beispielsweise müssen Sie möglicherweise festlegen, ob die Qualifikationskriterien erfüllt sind oder wie die Vergabekriterien gewichtet werden usw.

Nachdem alle Formeln, Masken, Eingabefelder, Tabellen usw. geprüft wurden, ist es sinnvoll, die Bewertung zu testen, um ihre Funktionsfähigkeit sicherzustellen. Es kann hilfreich sein, eine Marktanalyse durchzuführen, um die Ausrichtung der Bewertung festzulegen.

Vertragsentwurf

Idealerweise fügen Sie einen Vertragsentwurf bei , um mehr Transparenz zu gewährleisten. Mögliche Inhalte sind Art der Dienstleistung, Laufzeit, Haftung, Kündigung, Rechtsgrundlagen und Vergütung. Die Anhänge sind in der Regel von großer Bedeutung und bilden oft die wichtigste Grundlage für die Preisberechnung. Beispielsweise kann eine Checkliste als Leitfaden für den Bieter dienen, oder es stehen Angebotsformulare zur Verfügung, die vom Bieter ausgefüllt werden können.

Ein letzter Tipp: Verwenden Sie Vorlagen, die von Rechtsexperten geprüft und freigegeben wurden.

This is followed by the publication and/or dispatch of the award documents (art. 48 AIMP). As of 01.07.2024, SIMAP https://www.simap.ch/de /  has been restructured and you will need to register again.

Tenders submitted by the deadline are opened and recorded in the tender opening minutes. After the award, tenderers may consult the minutes on request (art. 37 AIMP).

During the overall examination of the bids, you first sort out the valid and invalid bids, and then proceed with the evaluation (art. 38 et seq. AIMP).

The most advantageous tender is selected (according to the criteria defined). The award is notified. Publication on SIMAP must contain the minimum content. From now on, a letter is not necessary if you have mentioned it beforehand in the invitation to tender.

Once the appeal period has expired, which is now 20 days, you can conclude the contract (art. 42 AIMP).

The above lists should not be considered exhaustive.

We’d be delighted to share our knowledge with you when you submit your next quotation. Request a quotation. If you would like to find out more about exporting waste, you can find our latest articles here:

• The export of waste in Europe
• Export of wastes? We know how!!!
• Exporting waste from Switzerland: Waste exports from Switzerland: what should we learn from the figures for 2022?

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L’article Tenders – what to look out for est apparu en premier sur Gaia Conseils.

Sie sind mit erheblichen Gesundheitsrisiken und Umweltproblemen verbunden. Laut der Europäischen Umweltagentur sind PFAS bereits weit verbreitet. Die Ursachen dafür sind vielfältig: Sie stammen aus industriellen Prozessen, alltäglichen Konsumgütern und der gängigen Abfallentsorgung.

Unsere letzten Beiträge: 

• PFAS – What is it?
• PFAS – ein Problem?

Gesundheitskosten

Die gesundheitsbezogenen Kosten der PFAS-Exposition in Europa werden auf jährlich 52 bis 84 Milliarden Euro geschätzt ¹ . Diese Zahl ist wahrscheinlich zu niedrig angesetzt. Das liegt zum einen an den noch unvollständig erfassten Gesundheitsfolgen. Zum anderen berücksichtigen die Schätzungen bisher nur einen kleinen Teil der existierenden PFAS-Verbindungen.

¹ Text von 2019 !!! FULLTEXT01.pdf (diva-portal.org) Nordischer Ministerrat Nordens Hus Ved Stranden 18 DK-1061 Kopenhagen

Kontamination

Die PFAS-Kontamination erfolgt über verschiedene Wege. Darunter industrielle Emissionen, die Verwendung von Feuerlöschschäumen, Konsumprodukte und die Entsorgung von PFAS-haltigen Materialien. Industriestandorte, insbesondere solche, die an der Herstellung und Anwendung von PFAS beteiligt sind, stellen bedeutende Verschmutzungsquellen dar. Dies hat dazu geführt, dass PFAS in Luft, Boden, Wasser und lebenden Organismen in ganz Europa nachgewiesen wurden. Wobei Gebiete in der Nähe von Industrieanlagen, Flughäfen und Militärstützpunkten besonders stark kontaminiert sind. Die Gesamtzahl der Standorte mit potenziellen PFAS-Emissionen in Europa wird auf rund 100.000 geschätzt ^.²

² https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emerging-chemical-risks-in-europe

Bewältigung und Minderung

Der Kampf gegen die PFAS-Kontamination ist schwierig. Das liegt vor allem an der extremen Langlebigkeit dieser Chemikalien und ihren komplexen Auswirkungen auf Mensch und Natur. Erschwerend kommt hinzu, dass ständig neue PFAS-Verbindungen und deren Abbauprodukte entdeckt werden. Das macht es fast unmöglich, die Gesundheitsrisiken vollständig zu verstehen oder gar zu senken.

Zwar setzen Regulierungsbehörden bereits erste Schritte, wie etwa strengere Grenzwerte für Trinkwasser oder die Einstufung als gefährliche Stoffe durch die EU. Dennoch bleibt das Problem bestehen. PFAS sind weltweit verbreitet und reichern sich massiv in der Umwelt sowie im menschlichen Körper an.

Kontamination

People are exposed to PFAS in several ways. The most common routes include contaminated food and water, consumer products, and exposure at the workplace. Over time, these chemicals build up in the human body. There is also clear evidence that PFAS can be transferred from mothers to their children.

Biomonitoring studies across Europe confirm that PFAS are present in the general population. Interestingly, men usually show higher levels in their bodies than women. Although concentrations of some regulated PFAS have decreased recently, the risk remains. New PFAS variants and their continued use in many products pose an ongoing threat to our health.

Situation in Europa

The situation in France, Germany, the Netherlands, and Switzerland reflects a broader European trend. These countries face massive challenges in identifying and reducing PFAS pollution. The contamination stems from various sources, including industrial activities, firefighting foams, and everyday consumer products.

Die Bewältigung dieser Altlastenverschmutzung ist schwierig. Sie erfordert strenge Überwachung, neue Vorschriften und die Entwicklung wirksamer Sanierungsstrategien. Diese Schritte sind unerlässlich, um die langfristigen Auswirkungen von PFAS auf die Umwelt zu bekämpfen.

Die Bekämpfung der PFAS-Kontamination erfordert aufgrund ihrer weitverbreiteten Verwendung und ihrer Persistenz in der Umwelt einen vielschichtigen Ansatz. Im Folgenden werden einige Strategien vorgestellt, die verfolgt werden, um die Herausforderungen durch PFAS zu bewältigen:

Regulierungsmaßnahmen

• Restriction of use: Introduction of strict regulations to limit the production and use of PFAS in consumer products, industrial applications and fire-fighting foams. The European Union, for example, is on the way to a comprehensive restriction of the non-essential use of PFAS.
• Setting standards: Establish and enforce environmental standards and guidelines for PFAS in water, soil and air to protect human health and the environment. This includes setting limits for PFAS in drinking water, as already in place in some US states and proposed at EU level.

Entschlackungstechnologien

• Water treatment: Modern water treatment processes such as granular activated carbon (GAC), ion exchange resins and high pressure membranes (reverse osmosis) are effective in removing PFAS from the water supply.
• Soil remediation: Techniques such as soil washing, stabilisation and excavation are currently being researched to remove or contain PFAS in contaminated soils. However, these methods are still under development and can be costly.

Prävention und Kontrolle

• Alternative materials: Researching and promoting the use of safer alternatives to PFAS in products and industrial processes. This includes the development of non-fluorinated chemicals for use in consumer products such as textiles, food packaging and firefighting foams.
• Best practices in industry: Encourage industry to adopt best practices for dealing with PFAS, including reducing emissions, improving waste management and conducting regular environmental monitoring.

Politische Maßnahmen und Gemeinschaftsaktionen tionen

• Raising awareness and educating the public: Raising awareness of the risks of PFAS and encouraging consumer choices that avoid products containing PFAS can increase demand for safer alternatives.
• Community involvement: Involving the affected communities in decision-making processes and remediation measures to ensure that their concerns and needs are taken into account.

Forschung und Innovation

• Environmental monitoring: Expand monitoring programmes to better understand the distribution of PFAS in the environment and identify highly contaminated sites.
• Health research: Support epidemiological and toxicological research to better understand the health effects of exposure to PFAS and to develop regulatory standards.
• Technological innovation: Investment in research and development for new remediation technologies and materials that can replace PFAS in various applications.

Bewältigung

In tackling the complex and persistent challenge of PFAS contamination, the way forward requires not only strong regulatory action and community engagement, but also the relentless search for new, innovative and effective technological solutions. The fight against these “perennial chemicals” emphasises the need for concerted action that harnesses scientific research, technological advances and the expertise of environmental professionals.

In this context, GAIA Conseils, a Swiss research bureau, wants to support research and bring it to the public domain. With its focus on developing technical solutions to environmental challenges, GAIA Conseils represents the kind of expertise and innovative thinking that is essential to tackling the PFAS crisis. By supporting projects aimed at developing advanced remediation technologies, we can contribute valuable knowledge and skills that can accelerate progress towards effective PFAS management strategies.

Collaboration between regulatory agencies, research institutions, affected communities and specialised engineering firms like ours is critical. Through these partnerships, we can hope to advance our understanding of PFAS behaviour in the environment, improve detection methods and removal, and ultimately protect public health and the ecosystem from their effects.

The way to a comprehensive solution to the PFAS problem will undoubtedly be long and complex, but with persistent effort and collaboration, we can make significant progress in reducing their presence in the environment and mitigating their impact on human health and the environment. The question is not whether we can tackle the PFAS problem, but how quickly and effectively we can mobilise the resources, knowledge and technologies at our disposal to do so.

Other sources:

Spatial distribution and distribution behaviour of selected poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in freshwater ecosystems: A nationwide study in France – ScienceDirect

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) – ECHA (europa.eu)

Interactive map: PFAS contamination crisis: New data shows 5,021 sites in 50 states (ewg.org)

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L’article How can we win against the PFAS challenge? est apparu en premier sur Gaia Conseils.

Online ¹ finden Sie die aktuellsten Informationen und einen sehr interessanten Bericht von EBP ² .

¹ https://www.bafu.admin.ch/bafu/de/home/themen/abfall/fachinformationen/abfallpolitik-und-massnahmen/phosphorrecycling.html

² https://www.ebp.ch/en/topics/environment

Our latest articles on this subject:

• CH vs EU Regulations on Phosphorus Recycling
• Recycling phosphorus

Phosphor

Phosphor ist sowohl für das menschliche Leben als auch für die Landwirtschaft unerlässlich. Es ist ein wichtiger Bestandteil der DNA, der Zellen und der Knochen sowie ein essentieller Nährstoff für das Pflanzenwachstum. Darum wird es in der Landwirtschaft häufig als Düngemittel eingesetzt. Trotz seiner Bedeutung geht Phosphor häufig bei der Abfallbewirtschaftung verloren. Insbesondere durch die Entsorgung von Klärschlamm und anderen phosphorreichen Reststoffen aus Klär- und Recyclinganlagen. Angesichts der Erschöpfung der weltweiten Phosphorreserven und der daraus resultierenden Umwelt- und Importprobleme, wird die Notwendigkeit eines nachhaltigen Phosphormanagements immer deutlicher. 

Phosphat

Phosphor wird hauptsächlich in Form von Phosphaten abgebaut. Diese kommen vorwiegend in marinen Sedimentablagerungen und in geringerem Maße in magmatischen Gesteinen vor. Die Verteilung dieser Phosphatvorkommen ist geografisch ungleichmäßig, was zu geopolitischer Abhängigkeit führt. Für die Schweiz, die strenge Grenzwerte für Schwermetalle in Düngemitteln hat,ist die Abhängigkeit von Phosphorimporten, insbesondere aus Ländern, deren Phosphatvorkommen wenig Cadmium enthalten, ein wichtiges Thema. Der Konflikt in der Ukraine hat die Bedeutung der Unabhängigkeit der Phosphorversorgung noch einmal unterstrichen.

Direktes Ausbringungsverbrot seit 2006

In der Schweiz ist die direkte Ausbringung von phosphorhaltigem Klärschlamm auf landwirtschaftlichen Flächen seit 2006 verboten,was zu einer Unterbrechung des Phosphorkreislaufs geführt hat.Der Phosphorbedarf, insbesondere für Düngemittel, wird derzeit durch Importe gedeckt. Die jährliche Nettoimportmenge von Phosphor beträgt 14.600 Tonnen und verdeutlicht damit die Abhängigkeit des Landes von ausländischen Lieferanten.

Massnahmen der Schweiz

Um natürliche Ressourcen zu schonen und die Importabhängigkeit zu verringern, hat die Schweiz Maßnahmen ergriffen, um den Phosphorkreislauf durch Recycling zu schließen. Ab 2026 muss Phosphor aus Abwasser, Klärschlamm oder Klärschlammasche zurückgewonnen und in materieller Form wiederverwertet werden. Dies wird nicht nur die Abhängigkeit von problematischen Mineraldüngern verringern, sondern wird auch primäre Phosphatreserven erhalten und einen wichtigen Stoffkreislauf schließen. 

Der Rechtsrahmen für die Phosphorrückgewinnung in der Schweiz besteht aus dem Bundesumweltgesetz (D-USG), dem Wasserschutzgesetz (D- GSchG) und der Abfallbehandlungsverordnung (OTD) . Diese Gesetze bilden die Grundlage für die Verpflichtung zur Phosphorrückgewinnung aus bestimmten Abfallströmen. Die Rückgewinnung muss dem Stand der Technik entsprechen, und langfristig soll mindestens so viel Phosphor zurückgewonnen werden, wie derzeit importiert wird. 

Vorteile

Phosphorrecycling bietet sowohl ökologische als auch ökonomische Vorteile. Durch die Schließung des Materialkreislaufs können Rohstoffe effizient genutzt und natürliche Ressourcen geschont werden. Die Einführung des Phosphorrecyclings ist ein entscheidender Schritt hin zu einer nachhaltigeren Nutzung dieses essenziellen Elements und einer größeren Unabhängigkeit von unsicheren und umweltschädlichen Phosphorquellen. 

Studie

Im April 2019 legte EBP dem Bundesamt für Umwelt einen Bericht zur Bewertung von Technologien für die Schweiz vor (der Bericht ist nun mit Ergänzungen für 2021 verfügbar).

Diese Studie befasst sich mit der zukunftsorientierten Frage der Phosphorrückgewinnung aus Klärschlamm sowie Tier- und Knochenmehl in der Schweiz. Ziel ist die Bewertung verschiedener Phosphorrückgewinnungstechnologien auf Basis neuester Entwicklungen und Erkenntnisse.

Bewertung verschiedener Phosphor Rückgewinnungstechnologien

Diese Studie identifiziert und bewertet verschiedene Phosphorrückgewinnungstechnologien, die sich für den Einsatz in der Schweiz eignen. Die Auswahlkriterien sind technologische Reife, ökologische Leistungsfähigkeit und die Durchführung von Pilotprojekten in der Schweiz. Im Vergleich zu einer früheren Studie wurden nur neun Technologien ausgewählt (vorher 20). Diese Reduzierung spiegelt die Konzentration auf effizientere und praktikablere Technologien wider. Insbesondere Verfahren, die direkt aus der wässrigen Phase kristallisieren, wurden aufgrund ihrer geringen Rückgewinnungsrate und der Notwendigkeit einer biologischen Phosphoreliminierung ausgeschlossen. Auch thermochemische Verfahren, die die Asche aus der Einzelverbrennung nutzen, wurden nicht berücksichtigt.

Ausgewählte Technologien und ihre Eigenschaften

Die Studie hebt verschiedene Ansätze zur P-Rückgewinnung hervor, darunter:

• Säureaufschluss und Kristallisation: Technologien wie das ExtraPhos-Verfahren, bei dem Klärschlamm durch Säureaufschluss behandelt wird, dessen Anwendung in der Praxis jedoch aufgrund ökologischer und ökonomischer Bedenken eingeschränkt ist.
• Thermochemische Aufbereitung von Klärschlamm: Verfahren wie EuPhoRe und Pyrophos, die die Monoverbrennung von Klärschlamm zur Rückgewinnung von Phosphor nutzen, stellen aufgrund ihrer technischen Komplexität und der Anforderungen an die Schwermetallentfernung Herausforderungen dar, die es zu bewältigen gilt.
• Wet chemical extraction from ash: This approach includes technologies such as CleanMAP, EcoPhos, Phos4Life, REALphos and TetraPhos, which extract phosphorus from the ash of incinerated sewage sludge. They offer a number of advantages in terms of efficiency, product quality and environmental sustainability.

Conclusions and recommendations from EBP’ Report

It is clear that the choice of appropriate technology is highly dependent on local conditions, such as waste availability, infrastructural conditions and ecological priorities. The study underlines the importance of ongoing development and adaptation of technologies to Switzerland’s specific needs and conditions, in order to ensure that phosphorus recovery is efficient, sustainable and economically justifiable.

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L’article Recycling von Phosphor est apparu en premier sur Gaia Conseils.

Milk bottles made of PET for better recycling! With a matching logo!

But what is the situation regarding PET recycling in Switzerland?

Unsere neusten Artikel zum Thema Kunststoffrecycling:

• CH vs. EU for plastic packaging regulations
• Recycling of plastic 

PET Recycling in der Schweiz

Das Recycling von PET (Polyethylenterephthalat) ist in der Schweiz hochentwickelt und effizient, wodurch das Land zu den weltweit führenden Anbietern im Recycling dieser Kunststoffart zählt. Hier einige wichtige Punkte:

Hohe recycling Rate:

Switzerland has one of the highest PET recycling rates in the world! The well-organised collection system and public awareness play a decisive role in this success.

Sammelsystem:

Das Land verfügt über ein dichtes Netz von Sammelstellen für PET-Flaschen, was deren Recycling erleichtert. Diese Sammelstellen befinden sich häufig an öffentlichen Plätzen, in Supermärkten und anderen Gewerbebetrieben.

Staatliche Unterstützung und private Initiativen:

Das PET-Recycling in der Schweiz wird von staatlichen Stellen unterstützt und von privaten Unternehmen gefördert. Regelmäßig werden Initiativen und Programme ins Leben gerufen, um das Recycling zu fördern und den Verbrauch von Einwegkunststoffen zu reduzieren.

PET-Recycling: „PET-Recycling“ ist eine Schlüsselorganisation für die Bewirtschaftung und das Recycling von PET-Flaschen in der Schweiz. Sie spielt eine zentrale Rolle bei der Erreichung der hohen Recyclingquoten, für die die Schweiz bekannt ist.

Here are some important points about PET recycling in Switzerland:

Mission und Ziele

Das Hauptziel von PET Recycling Switzerland ist die Förderung und Erleichterung des Recyclings von PET-Flaschen im ganzen Land. Die Organisation setzt sich dafür ein, dass PET-Flaschen effizient gesammelt, sortiert und recycelt werden, um die Umweltbelastung durch Plastik zu minimieren und die Kreislaufwirtschaft zu fördern.

• Closed-loop recycling: PET recycled in Switzerland is often used to produce new PET bottles, illustrating the principle of the circular economy. This reduces dependence on new resources and minimises the carbon footprint associated with the production of new plastics.

• Technological innovations: Switzerland is investing in advanced technologies to improve the PET recycling process. These technologies enable more efficient separation and recycling of PET bottles while maintaining the quality of the recycled plastic.

• Education and awareness-raising: Efforts to promote PET recycling also include education and awareness-raising campaigns to encourage good environmental practices among the population.

• Challenges and opportunities: Despite its success, the PET recycling system in Switzerland faces challenges, particularly in terms of increasing recycling capacity and dealing with imported plastic waste. There is also room for improvement, such as the increased use of recycled PET in products other than bottles.

To summarise, PET recycling in Switzerland is an example of effective plastic waste management made possible by an extensive collection system, advanced recycling technologies, government support, private sector involvement and strong public awareness.

Sources :

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L’article News from PET recycling in Switzerland!!! PET milk bottles!!! est apparu en premier sur Gaia Conseils.

Diese Zahlen verdeutlichen nicht nur das Ausmaß der Abfallexporte, sondern auch die Notwendigkeit, diesen Prozess sorgfältig zu steuern, um Umweltschäden zu minimieren und Nachhaltigkeit zu fördern. Ein verantwortungsvolles Management von Abfallexporten ist daher entscheidend. Somit wird sichergestellt dass die Abfallentsorgung nicht auf Kosten der Umwelt oder weniger regulierter Länder geht.

¹ Source: https://www.bafu.admin.ch/bafu/de/home/themen/abfall/zustand/daten.html 

Unsere neuesten Beiträge:

• The export of waste in Europe
• Export of wastes? We know how!!!

Environmental Protection (EPA) and Ordinance on the Movement of Waste (VeVa)

In Switzerland, the export of waste is strictly regulated by a comprehensive set of rules aimed at protecting the environment and ensuring the sustainability of waste disposal. The basis for this is the Environmental Protection Act (EPA) together with the Ordinance on the Movement of Waste (VeVA). Which sets out the framework for the handling and export of waste. These laws ensure that waste is only exported if it cannot be treated appropriately at home or if specialised processes abroad allow it to be processed in a more environmentally friendly way.

Lacking technical possibilities in Switzerland

The need to export certain types of waste often arises from the fact that either the technical possibilities for specific treatment are lacking in Switzerland or the domestic capacities for recycling or disposal are insufficient. In addition, exporting to countries with specialised recycling facilities enables more efficient and environmentally friendly recycling of certain materials. Such as hazardous waste or specific industrial waste. This approach helps to minimise environmental impact globally by bringing waste to facilities that use the best available techniques for processing it.

Switzerland’s export portfolio

Various types of waste are exported in Switzerland. The diversity and quantity of which reflect the complexity of waste management and the need for specialised treatment methods. In 2022, the spectrum of exported waste covered an impressive range. From de-inking sludges from paper recycling to mechanically separated waste from paper and cardboard. Also more specific categories such as casting moulds and sands or unpolluted excavated and excavation material. The export volumes of these categories exceeded the thousand tonne mark in each case. Which underlines the significant role of these waste streams in Switzerland’s export portfolio.

Paper recycling

Besonders hervorzuheben sind die Deinking-Schlämme aus dem Papierrecycling. Which represent an important fraction as they require specialised recycling processes that may not be available in Switzerland. Which justifies their export. The situation is similar for mechanically separated waste. Whose volume exceeds the available domestic processing capacities or which requires specialised recycling processes that can be carried out more efficiently abroad.

The category of non-ferrous metal waste and plastics illustrates the global demand for secondary raw materials that can be recovered from such materials. The export of these materials not only supports the circular economy on an international level, but also helps to increase resource efficiency and reduce dependence on newly mined raw materials.

An article in the newspaper 24 heures² from 5 January 2024 highlights that a significant proportion of Swiss waste. In particular more than 80% from the construction sector, crosses the country’s borders. Around 800,000 tonnes of construction waste are exported abroad every year. Which underlines the importance of this type of waste in the context of international waste management. ²https://www.24heures.ch/enquete-sur-les-chantiers-la-suisse-exporte-trop-souvent-ses-dechets-de-construction-534316651361

The countries that serve as the main destinations for these exports vary. With Switzerland having agreements with various European and non-European countries to ensure the environmentally sound treatment of this waste. The choice of destinations depends not only on existing treatment capacities, but also on established environmental standards.

This emphasises the need to strenghten the international partnerships.

We have to focus on sustainable waste management practices that won’t see the export of waste as a problem. It’s a part of a global solution for resource mangaement and environmental protection.

Hazardous waste

Hazardous waste is a special category of waste exports due to its potentially harmful properties for the environment and health. In 2022, Switzerland exported a total of 570,707 tonnes of hazardous waste, which underlines the importance and volume of this specific type of waste. The treatment of this waste requires specialised processes and facilities to ensure that no harmful emissions are released into the environment or endanger human health.

Treatment methods

The treatment methods for exported hazardous waste include thermal treatment, chemical-physical treatment (CP), biological processes, recycling and reprocessing. Each of these methods addresses the specific risks and challenges posed by hazardous waste and aims to minimise its harmful effects. Thermal treatment and recycling in particular play an important role in reducing the volume and hazardousness of this waste.

Challenges

However, the export of hazardous waste is also associated with challenges. These include ensuring that the waste is treated to the highest environmental and health standards in the recipient countries. This requires careful selection of treatment facilities and close international co-operation to ensure that waste treatment does not lead to a shift in environmental problems. In addition, the transboundary transport of hazardous waste raises safety and logistics issues that need to be managed effectively. Handling with hazardous waste in the export highlights the need of careful planning, strict regulations and transparent international co-operation.

The role of Gaia Conseils

The analysis of the export of waste from Switzerland in 2022 highlights the complexity and challenges of dealing with waste at national and international level. Despite the impressive amount of over 3 million tonnes of exported waste, excluding hazardous waste, the practice underlines the need to find and further develop sustainable and efficient solutions for waste management. As a Swiss engineering company, GAIA Conseils wants to play a central role in this. By assisting companies in designing innovative treatment methods³ in Switzerland and providing administrative support with export and import formalities⁴ , GAIA Conseils makes a significant contribution to optimising waste management.

³ GAIA projects

⁴ Expertise GAIA 

It is crucial to expand domestic recycling and waste treatment capacities. This would not only reduce the environmental impact, but also reduce dependence on international disposals. The emphasis must be on developing and implementing circular economy models that increase resource efficiency and minimise the generation of waste. GAIA Conseils’ commitment and expertise can act as a catalyst for innovative solutions and guide the way to a more sustainable future in waste management.

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L’article Exporting waste from Switzerland: Waste exports from Switzerland: what should we learn from the figures for 2022? est apparu en premier sur Gaia Conseils.

Switzerland, like many other countries, has begun to address the regulation of PFAS¹ (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances). Switzerland’s approach to regulating PFAS involves several government agencies and ordinances and may have evolved since then. Here are some key points about the regulatory system for PFAS in Switzerland.

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Quality of drinking water: ” Groundwater is Switzerland’s most important drinking water resource: 80% of drinking water is obtained from groundwater.” ^{2 Source}

In Switzerland, there are regulations to ensure the quality of drinking water, and PFAS are considered to be a cause for concern. The Federal Office of Public Health (FOPH) and the Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO) have set maximum levels for various substances, also including PFAS, in drinking water. This limit values of the Drinking Water Ordinance TBDV apply to PFAS in groundwater. The ordinance currently contains limit values of 0.3 or 0.5 micrograms per litre for three individual PFAS.²

Environmental regulations:

The Swiss Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN) is responsible for dealing with environmental issues, including PFAS contamination. Switzerland has taken measures to assess and control the presence of PFAS in the environment. (Motion 22.3929 by Councillor of States Marianne Maret) This may include regulations on the release of PFAS into water bodies and measures to investigate and remediate contaminated sites.

Regulation of chemicals:

Regulation of chemicals: The regulation of chemicals, including PFAS, also falls within the remit of the Swiss Federal Office for the Environment. (Postulate 22.4585 by National Councillor Tiana Moser) The regulation of chemical substances in Switzerland can be influenced by international agreements and EU regulations, as Switzerland often aligns its policies with those of its European neighbours.

Product regulations: Although Switzerland has specific regulations for the use of PFAS in consumer products, these can vary greatly and are often influenced by broader EU regulations. The market is evolving, so it is important to keep abreast of the latest developments in this area.

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On 24^th October 2023, the European Parliament’s Environment Committee took a crucial decision by voting in favour of the proposed amendments to the EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Regulation (PPWR). This decision marked an important step in the overhaul of Europe’s approach to packaging waste management. Earlier, in Switzerland, the stage had been set for this crucial development with the Dobler motion. This key motion for more efficient management of packaging waste in Switzerland has been inviting those involved in waste recycling¹ to anticipate and debate the issue of plastic wastes for several months now. Together, these two initiatives underline the global urgency of tackling the environmental impact of packaging waste and pave the way for a closer examination of strategies, challenges and potential solutions in pursuit of a more sustainable future.

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1. Legislative Framework:

EU PPWR: The EU PPWR is a comprehensive regulation that applies to all EU member states. It sets overarching standards and targets while allowing flexibility for member states to implement specific measures.

Swiss System: Switzerland does not have a single, EU-style regulation for packaging waste. Instead, it has a decentralized system with regulations varying between its 26 cantons. Each canton can have its own rules and regulations related to waste management, including packaging.

2. Targets and Reporting:

EU PPWR: The EU sets specific recycling and recovery targets for packaging materials across all member states. Reporting and data collection are standardized to monitor progress toward these targets.

Swiss System: Switzerland lacks uniform national targets for packaging waste recycling and recovery. Cantonal regulations may vary in terms of recycling goals and reporting requirements.

3. Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR):

EU PPWR: The EU PPWR places the responsibility on producers, importers, and distributors of packaged products to manage packaging waste. They contribute to the costs of collection and recycling.

Swiss System: Switzerland also adopts an EPR approach, but its implementation varies by canton. Different cantons have their own EPR systems and regulations.

4. Coordination and Industry Involvement:

EU PPWR: The EU fosters coordination among member states through a common framework. Industry stakeholders collaborate to meet targets and implement waste management systems.

Swiss System: In Switzerland, industry initiatives like the Recypac association, co-founded by companies like Nestlé, Migros, and Coop, aim to coordinate the recycling of plastic packaging. However, not all cantons may participate in such initiatives, and there may be differing opinions on their effectiveness.

5. Labeling and Consumer Information:

EU PPWR: The EU mandates labeling and information on packaging materials to guide consumers and facilitate recycling. These requirements are standardized across member states.

Swiss System: Switzerland may have its own labeling and information requirements.

6. Circular Economy Goals:

EU PPWR: The EU’s approach aligns with broader circular economy goals and strategies, aiming to minimize waste and promote sustainability.

Swiss System: Switzerland is also adopting an EPR approach, and this approach is uniform for PET drinks bottles, for example. For the rest of the plastic packaging waste, implementation varies from canton to canton. Different cantons have their own EPR systems and regulations.

In summary, the EU PPWR is a centralized and harmonized regulation that sets uniform recycling and recovery targets and places extended producer responsibility on businesses. In contrast, Switzerland’s system is decentralized, with cantons having more autonomy in waste management regulations. While Switzerland also promotes recycling and sustainability, the lack of a single national framework can result in regional variations and challenges in achieving consistency and coordination across the country. The effectiveness of industry initiatives such as Sammelsack or Leo Recycle can vary from one canton to another, and give rise to different opinions in Switzerland.

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Swiss Regulations on Phosphorus Recycling

Switzerland has been a pioneer in promoting sustainable phosphorus management, with a strong focus on phosphorus recycling from WWTP sludge. The Swiss government has established a comprehensive legal framework and incentives to encourage phosphorus recovery and recycling:

Swiss Water Protection Act (WPA) and Environmental Protection Act (EPA): The WPA mandates the treatment of WWTP sludge to minimize its environmental impact. It encourages the recovery of phosphorus from sludge to reduce the need for mined phosphorus resources. “Starting in 2026, phosphorus must be recovered from wastewater, sewage sludge or sewage sludge ash and recycled, for example as fertiliser.”²

² Source

Swiss Phosphorus Platform – SwissPhosphor: A collaborative initiative that brings together various stakeholders, including industry, research institutions, and government agencies, to promote phosphorus recycling and sustainable management.

European Regulations on Phosphorus Recycling

The European Union, through its various directives and regulations, also recognizes the importance of phosphorus recycling, but the approach varies across member states:

Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive (UWWTD):

UWWTD sets minimum requirements for the treatment of urban wastewater, aiming to reduce the environmental impact. While it encourages the reduction of phosphorus emissions, it does not specifically mandate phosphorus recovery from WWTP sludge.

Circular Economy Action Plan:

The EU’s Circular Economy Action Plan outlines a broader strategy for promoting resource efficiency and waste reduction. It encourages member states to explore opportunities for phosphorus recycling but lacks specific mandates.

Individual Member State Regulations:

Phosphorus management and recycling policies vary among EU member states, with some countries taking more proactive approaches than others. The level of enforcement and incentives for phosphorus recycling can differ significantly.

Swiss regulations on phosphorus recycling from WWTP sludge are more comprehensive and proactive compared to the broader European regulations. Switzerland has set clear targets, provided financial incentives, and established collaborative platforms to promote phosphorus recycling. In contrast, European regulations, while supportive of the idea of phosphorus recycling, lack specific mandates and incentives for member states to follow.

As the importance of phosphorus recycling continues to grow globally, it is crucial for both Switzerland and the EU to collaborate and share best practices to ensure efficient and sustainable phosphorus management for the benefit of the environment and future generations.

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FOEN / FOBCS

In Switzerland, the Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN) and the Federal Office for Customs and Border Security (FOBCS) are responsible for regulating and monitoring the export of waste. If you wish to export waste from Switzerland, you must comply with certain steps and regulations:

Registration with the FOEN: Before you can export waste from Switzerland, you must register with the FOEN and provide all the necessary information. The FOEN will then submit the application and may impose further conditions on you.

Border crossing and customs: You must contact the Federal Office for Customs and Border Security (FOBCS) and go through all the necessary customs procedures in order to export the waste legally.

Obtain the consent of the recipient country: Depending on the type of waste and the destination country, you must obtain the consent of the recipient country. This may require written authorisation (PIC procedure).

Transport and labelling: The waste must be properly packaged, labelled and transported to ensure that it does not have a harmful impact on the environment.

Exporting waste? We know how to do it! (and are happy to help!)

It is crucial to check the current guidelines and regulations with the Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN) or the Federal Office for Customs and Border Security (FOBCS) as well as the environmental authorities of the recipient country to ensure that you fulfil the current requirements.

We have the knowledge in the export / import of waste and we are happy to help you!!!

For up-to-date information on Switzerland, click here:

https://www.bafu.admin.ch/bafu/en/home/topics/waste/info-specialists/waste-policy-and-measures/transboundary-movements-of-waste–valid-for-the-principality-of-.html

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Phosphorus Recovery Technologies

Several technologies are available for extracting phosphorus from sludge. These methods typically involve chemical precipitation or biological processes to concentrate and recover phosphorus. Some common techniques include:

• Chemical Precipitation: Phosphorus can be recovered from sludge through chemical precipitation using chemicals like aluminum or iron salts. This process forms solid precipitates that can be separated from the liquid portion of the sludge.
• Struvite Precipitation: Struvite is a crystalline compound that contains phosphorus, magnesium, and ammonium. It can be recovered from sludge by adding magnesium and ammonium salts, promoting struvite crystallization, and then harvesting the crystals.

• Biological Phosphorus Removal: In wastewater treatment plants, some biological processes can be optimized to encourage the biological uptake and storage of phosphorus by microorganisms. This phosphorus-rich biomass can then be removed from the system. Source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/…
• Thermal Treatment: Incinerating the sludge at high temperatures can also be a method to recycle phosphorus. The ash produced during incineration may contain phosphorus, which can be extracted and used as a phosphorus-rich product.
• Landfill Application: Dewatered or stabilized sludge can be applied to agricultural land as a fertilizer, allowing phosphorus to be recycled back into the ecosystem. However, this method should be carefully managed to avoid over-application and the risk of environmental pollution. In Switzerland, it has been forbidden since 1 October 2006 to use them as fertiliser in agriculture. (https://www.bafu.admin.ch/…)
• Biosolids: In some cases, sludge can be further treated and processed into biosolids, which are nutrient-rich organic materials suitable for use as a soil conditioner or fertilizer. The phosphorus content in these biosolids can contribute to improving soil quality and promoting plant growth. Source: winnipeg.ca/epandagedebiosolides

Phosphorus-Containing Products

Some companies are exploring the production of commercial products, such as phosphorus-rich fertilizers or soil amendments, using recovered phosphorus from sludge.

Regulations and Guidelines: It’s crucial to be aware of local regulations and guidelines related to the handling and recycling of sludge, especially regarding phosphorus content. Compliance with environmental regulations is essential to ensure that recycling is done safely and without adverse impacts on the environment.

Recycling phosphorus from sludge not only helps in the sustainable management of waste but also conserves a valuable nutrient, reduces the need for phosphate mining, and minimizes the risk of phosphorus pollution in water bodies. The specific method chosen depends on the composition of the sludge, local regulations, and the desired end-use of the recovered phosphorus.

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